As a distributed approach to problem solving, crowdsourcing reduces costs and efficiently utilizes resources. While blockchain technology is introduced to solve the problem of over-centralization in traditional crowdsourcing platforms, its transparency brings the risk of privacy leakage. The traditional anonymous authentication can hide the user’s identity, but the anonymity is abused, and the worker selection gets more difficult. In this study, a decentralized accountable attribute-based authentication scheme is proposed and combined with blockchain to design a novel crowdsourcing scheme. Using decentralized attribute-based encryption and non-interactive zero-knowledge proof, the scheme protects the privacy of users’ identities with linkability and traceability, and the requester can devise access policies to select workers. In addition, the scheme improves the security of the system by implementing attribute authorization authority and tracking groups through the threshold secret sharing technique. Through experimental simulation and analysis, it is demonstrated that the scheme meets the requirements of time and storage overhead in practical application.