As the core foundation for ensuring network security, cryptography plays a crucial role in data protection, identity verification, encrypted communication, and other aspects. With the rapid popularization of 5G and the Internet of Things technology, network security is facing unprecedented challenges, and the demand for cryptographic performance is showing explosive growth. GPU can utilize thousands of parallel computing cores to accelerate complex computing problems, which is very suitable for the computationally intensive nature of cryptographic algorithms. Therefore, researchers have extensively explored methods to accelerate various cryptographic algorithms on GPU platforms. Compared with platforms such as CPU and FPGA, GPU has significant performance advantages. This study discusses the classification of various cryptographic algorithms and GPU platform architecture, and provides a detailed analysis of current research on various ciphers on GPU heterogeneous platforms. Additionally, it summarizes the current technical challenges confronted by high-performance cryptography based on GPU platforms and provides prospects for future technological development. Finally, comprehensive references can be provided for practitioners in cryptography engineering research on the latest research progress and application practices of high-performance cryptography based on GPU by in-depth studies and summaries.