Database management technology is an important branch of computer science. After the development of nearly half a century, database technology has formed a solid theoretical foundation, mature commercial products, and a wide range of applications. The data model describes the storage and operation of data in the database. According to the organizational form of data, there are four types of data models:structured models, semi-structured models, OLAP analysis models, and big data models. From the late 1960s to the early 1990s, the structured models were first proposed, which mainly includes hierarchical model, network model, relational model, and object-oriented model. In the late 1990s, with the rapid development of complex applications such as Internet applications and scientific computing, semi-structured models began to emerge, including XML models, JSON models, and graph models. In the new century, with the continuous development of applications such as e-commerce and business intelligence, the data analysis model has become a research hotspot, mainly including relational ROLAP and multi-dimensional MOLAP. Since 2010, with the rapid development of big data industry applications, the big data model represented by NoSQL and NewSQL database systems has become a new research hotspot. This article summarizes the above data models, and analyzes the performance of typical database system selected from each model.