Data deduplication technologies can be divided into two categories: a) identical data detection techniques, and b) similar data detection and encoding techniques. This paper presents a systematic survey on these two categories of data deduplication technologies and analyzes their advantages and disadvantages. Besides, since data deduplication technologies can affect the reliability and performance of storage systems, this paper also surveys various kinds of technologies proposed to cope with these two aspects of problems. Based on the analysis of the current state of research on data deduplication technologies, this paper makes several conclusions as follows: a) How to mine data characteristic information in data deduplication has not been completely solved, and how to use data characteristic information to effectively eliminate duplicate data also needs further study; b) From the perspective of storage system design, it still needs further study how to introduce proper mechanisms to overcome the reliability limitations of data deduplication techniques and reduce the additional system overheads caused by data deduplication techniques.