In recent years, a series of data-driven AIGC applications, represented by large language models, have profoundly changed people’s lifestyles, drawing significant attention from nations to issues such as data circulation and data privacy. Establishing robust data market regulations and improving data circulation mechanisms have become important research topics. However, existing research on data privacy generally focuses on individual aspects of data circulation and does not provide a comprehensive view of the entire process. Technical research is often fragmented, leading to issues such as incompatibility. As a result, data service providers often need to invest additional manpower in practical production activities to implement comprehensive data privacy protection. This study focuses on data circulation, dividing the entire circulation process into three stages, and establishes a systematic classification framework for privacy technologies at each stage. It also provides an in-depth analysis of the latest developments and future challenges in various fields. This study is, to the best of our knowledge, the first review paper that uses data circulation as a carrier and privacy technology as the subject,comprehensively covering the entire process of data circulation. It enables researchers to quickly develop a systematic understanding of privacy technologies across the data circulation process and lays a foundation for establishing a comprehensive full-process data circulation protection paradigm for future research.