Segment routing over IPv6 (SRv6), as a key enabling technology for the next-generation network architecture, introduces a flexible segment routing forwarding plane, offering revolutionary opportunities to enhance network intelligence and expand service capabilities. This study aims to provide a comprehensive review of the evolution and research status of SRv6 in recent years. First, the study systematically summarizes the applications of SRv6 in network architecture and performance, network management and operation, and emerging service support, highlighting the unique advantages of SRv6 in fine-grained scheduling, flexible programming, and service convergence. Meanwhile, the study deeply analyzes the key challenges SRv6 faces in performance and efficiency, reliability and security, and deployment and evolution strategies, and focuses on discussing the current mainstream solutions and development trends. Finally, from the perspectives of industrial ecosystem construction, artificial intelligence integration, and industry convergence innovation, the study provides forward-looking thoughts and prospects on the future development directions and challenges of SRv6. The research findings of this study will provide theoretical references and practical guidance for operators in building open, intelligent, and secure next-generation networks.